9.3 Approach & Landing Speeds

VAPP – Final Approach Speed

VAPP is the target speed during final approach.

It includes:

• Reference landing speed (VLS)
• Wind correction
• Safety margin

Stability Requirement

Maintaining VAPP ensures:

• Stable descent
• Predictable aircraft response
• Safe landing performance

Operational Note

Excessive speed leads to:

• Long landing distance
• Unstable flare

Too low speed leads to:

• Reduced lift
• Increased stall risk

Core Rule

“A stable approach requires a stable speed.”